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Abankwa, D A (2021) What drives technology adaptation in construction firms? An investigation of the antecedents, adaptive behaviours, and outcomes, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Adukpo, E S (2018) The development of governance capabilities for project owners and operators : a dynamic capabilities perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Ashraf, H (2018) Psychological conflict management climate in general contractor's project organization and its influence on project performance: exploring multiple psychosocial and behavioral pathways, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Awale, R (2016) An exploratory study of a 'creating shared value' (CSV) concept for achieving firm competitiveness in Hong Kong construction firms, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Barima, O K B (2007) An examination of the critical variables in the use of the virtual concept in construction value delivery, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

Bau, Z (2022) Developing circularity of construction waste in emerging economies: an environmental Kuznets curve approach, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Cai, Q K (2007) Business process model for process improvement: an investigation of the tendering process in aconstruction company, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Cao, S (2010) An empirical analysis of project manager's competency, empowerment andlearning in agent construction management system in China, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chan, D W M (1998) Modelling construction durations for public housing projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hong Kong.

Chan, K-W (2010) The transaction costs and the choice of contractual arrangements in the construction industry in Hong Kong, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chan, M-W (1997) The relationship between project funding and construction systems, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chen, B (2018) Contribution of process-technology fit to IT business value: the case of BIM in the construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chen, H (2006) Exploring the relationships between influencing factors and performance for construction joint ventures, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chen, K (2018) The quest for the holy grail : bridging BIM and building for information management in construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chen, L (2019) An integrated construction schedule risk analysis approach for infrastructure projects under uncertainty, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chen, N (2017) An investigation of the influence of project complexity on communications in engineering construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chen, X (2019) Big data in construction project management: prospects and challenges, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chiu, W-Y B (2011) Job satisfaction and organizational commitment amongst quantity surveyors in Hong Kong: an attitudinal perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chong, W-h B (2016) A process-data supported input-output framework for delineating the embodied emissions of Hong Kong construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chow, V W-Y (2016) The public engagement processes for urban development projects in Hong Kong : an exploration of a heterogeneous power network using Latour-Callon's 'translation' model of power, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Chung, K H J (2010) Development of a collaborative briefing approach for infrastructure projects in Hong Kong, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hong Kong.

Dewundara Maha Galappaththi Arachchige, N M S (2021) Innovation in construction project-based firms through the lens of exploratory and exploitative learning : effects of social capital and collaborative environment, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Ding, Z (2007) Interpersonal trust and willingness to share knowledge among architects: a two-stage triangulation research, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Duodo, B (2017) Intellectual capital and innovation in construction firms: the role of learning capability, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Fang, Z (2002) Behavioral analysis of project team performance in China, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Fu, Y (2021) Institutional complexity and organizational responses: a case study of Chinese construction firms, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Gao, Y (2018) Effects of interdependence asymmetry of parties in construction conflicts, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Goh, C S (2014) Development of a capability maturity model for sustainable construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Gong, X (2019) Vertical integration and reputation: the case of real estate companies, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Guo, H B (2022) From corporate social responsibility to creating shared value: Competitive strategies for Chinese international construction companies on the "one belt one road", Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Hadikusumo, B H W (2001) Virtually real construction site processes: hazard identification and accident precaution planning using design-for-safety-process (DFSP) tool, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Hua, Y (2017) Cultural dynamics of information communication technology (ICT) adoption in construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Huang, H W, Wah Sang) (2003) The effects of building regulations control on the design of private residential buildings, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Hui, K J (2008) Court decisions on building contract disputes: a Coasian empirical analysis, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Ju, C (2015) A study of institutional complexity and contractors' safety management strategies, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Kathri, A K D (2003) A study of project finance in Asia with emphasis on private infrastructure project finance, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Koh, T Y (2010) The effects of social capital on construction project success: exploring the mediating role of projectlearning, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Kong, T-M S (2011) Organizational culture of safety in the Hong Kong construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Lam, H-C R (2003) An investigation into the implementation of safety management systems by Hong Kong construction contractors, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Lau, H-l (2005) Trust relations in the construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Lee, F-P B (2009) Factors affecting the profitability of construction companies in Hong Kong, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Leung, M-Y (2000) Value Management in construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong.

Li, H T (2013) Modeling and evaluating multi-stakeholder multi-objective decisions during public participation in major infrastructure and constructionprojects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Li, I H Y (2012) The relationship of cultural incongruence and information processing in facilities management in the public health care sector, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Li, W (2008) An agent-based negotiation model for the sourcing of construction suppliers, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

Li, Y (2021) An investigation of organizational control in design consulting projects: behavioural consequences and motivational mechanisms, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Li, Y (2007) Integrated dynamic perspective on firm competencies and organizationalperformance: a study of China's largeconstruction SOEs, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Liang, C (2016) Development of a multifunctional building information modelling (BIM) maturity model, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Liang, Y (2012) A study of public private partnership project success factors and risk management integration in mainland China, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Lingard, H (1995) Safety in Hong Kong's construction industry: changing worker behaviour, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Liu, A M-M (1995) Evaluation of the outcome of construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Real Estate and Construction, University of Hong Kong.

Liu, S (2016) An investigation of how information processing impacts boundary spanning activities in managing construction design changes from the perspective of contractors, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Lu, W (2015) Collaboration in BIM-enabled projects: a socio-technical perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Ma, C (2015) Stakeholder risk attitudes in safety risk management : exploring the relationship between risk attitude and safety risk management performance, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Ma, P (2023) A sociomateriality view of boundary spanning in BIM-enabled early facilities management involvement, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Memon, S A (2017) Hong Kong relational contracting : an investigation into the attitudes and behaviours of contractors' project teams, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Na, R (2013) Property rights analysis of building material pricing, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Naiduwa Handi, C M (2021) Effects of construction project social capital on individual safety performance: the mediating role of work engagement, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Ng, C-W V (2007) Managing power, conflict and change: an analytical model for construction contract procurement, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Ng, F F (1990) A knowledge analysis model for knowledge engineering in the construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Niu, Y (2019) Smart construction objects (SCOs): towards a new paradigm of smart construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Oti-Sarpong, K (2019) Examining international technology transfer on construction projects in developing countries through a social construction of technology lens, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Real Estate and Construction , University of Hong Kong.

Phua, F T-T (2002) Toward a critical assessment of social identity: the nature of organisational identification and its implicationsfor inter-organisational cooperation in the context of the Hong Kongconstruction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Rahman, M M (2003) Revitalising construction project procurement through joint risk management, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

Shen, Y (2013) An investigation of safety climate on Hong Kong construction sites, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Sun, X (2016) Energy-efficient retrofits for existing buildings: a multi-dimensional, comparative study of buildings in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Singapore, with focus on operation and maintenance, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Sung, W-K (2017) Factors motivating construction safety knowledge sharing in online social media, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Tsang, W-C (2021) Safety violations of the construction workers in Hong Kong: quantitative and qualitative analysis of the dynamics, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Tuuli, M M (2009) Empowerment and control dynamics in project teams: a multilevel examination of the antecedents and jobperformance consequences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Wang, H (2015) The interplay of formal and informal institutions for procurement innovation: a social network approach, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Wang, J (2020) Building information modeling (BIM) localization: tackling the "last mile" problem in BIM adoption, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Wang, S (2019) An exact architectural practice: Strategies for post-digital architectural design in China’s construction context, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

Wang, T (2022) Motivating management: evidence from construction project teams, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

• Type: Thesis
• Keywords: coordination; motivation; replacement; civil engineering; policy; probability; productivity; project performance; project team; construction project; employee; project manager
• ISBN/ISSN:
• URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10722/323421
• Abstract:
  The productivity of teams not only depends on the effort of individual members, but also extremely rely on team management, including overall planning and coordination among members. One can motivate a team by incentivizing the top manager, or he can motivate the whole team leader group. In theory, the two approaches have their own advantages. However, we know little about which way dominates in practice due to the scarcity of data on teams. How should incentives be distributed within the team to optimize team performance? This paper attempts to answer this question by exploring a team incentive policy implemented by a large construction company for construction project teams. Each project team is led by a project manager who manages all aspects of the project. Before the project starts, the project team is required to pay an amount of money called the risk deposit, which determines rewards and penalties of the team upon project completion. The deposit share undertaken by each member of the team determines their responsibility for the project, as well as the percentage of rewards and penalties they face afterward. Therefore, we put forward a practical question in this paper: how does the way risk deposit is allocated between the project manager and team members affect project performance? Based on detailed information on the company’s 321 construction projects from 2003 to 2015, this paper studies the effect of the project manager’s deposit share on team performance. We establish this causal effect with the difference-in-differences (DID) method by investigating a reform in the risk deposit system implemented by the company. In this policy reform, the share of the risk deposit for project managers in civil engineering projects (the treatment group) decreases due to a certain restriction, while specialized projects (the control group) are not subject to this restriction. Baseline results show that controlling for various types of project characteristics and fixed effects, the policy reform reduces extra profit rate by 7.8-8.4 percentage points, or 9.85-10.6 million yuan for civil engineering projects compared with specialized projects, a statistically and economically significant result. We further corroborate the robustness of the baseline results through the parallel trend test, replacement of performance measures, and controlling for manager ability. In terms of the mechanism, we find that the reform shifts the incentives that should have belonged to the project manager to the chief engineer and the business manager. The project manager, the chief engineer and the business manager are the “iron triangle” of a project team. The project team has a three-level management structure, with the project manager leading the chief engineer and the business manager, the chief engineer leading the technical and production departments, and the business manager leading the cost department. Our results suggest that the project manager’s role in planning and coordinating is more critical to project performance than the roles of the chief engineer and the business manager in supervising subordinates, and therefore the decrease in incentives for project managers leads to poorer team performance. To illustrate that the project manager plays an extremely important coordinating role in the project, we used a triple differences (DDD) method to analyze the differential impact of the reform on projects with different characteristics. The results show that projects that require more coordination from the project manager (meaning larger team size) are more negatively affected by the policy reform. In addition, this paper explores how risk deposit incentive interacts with career concern of managers. Project managers who perform well have a higher probability of being promoted to the headquarters. The prerequisite for a project manager to be promoted to the headquarters is that the project manager needs to have enough seniority, that is, enough years of experience. We find that managers subject to career concerns are less negatively affected by the policy change. Project performance is not affected by the policy only for project managers with more than 20 years of experience. This means the vast majority of project managers are negatively impacted by the policy. This paper has several contributions. First, this paper brings out the problem of motivating management, while most of the research on motivation in organizations has focused on how to incentivize the effort of employees and has ignored the important fact that management also requires to be motivated. Second, the research on project managers in this paper provides a deeper understanding of what managers do. The results emphasize the planning and coordinating role of managers, which is distinct from managers as supervisors in previous studies. Third, this paper provides an in-depth study of the risk deposit system, which can be seen as an innovative management practice. Such research has practical significance for our focused company, as well as other organizations who are going to adopt such practices.

Wang, Y (1998) An analysis of the technical efficiency in Hong Kong's construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Wong, K C (2021) Factors affecting behavior of roadside construction workers in using personal protective equipment against dust and noise, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Wong, K-w K (2014) Integrative approach to addressing societal needs in infrastructure development projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Wu, J (2008) A behavioral analysis of learning processes amongst construction project team members in China, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Xu, J (2021) A human-organization-technology fit model to harness the power of building information modeling in construction project organizations, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Yang, Y (2020) An integrated infrastructure asset management model to improve the resilience of high-density cities, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Ye, M (2018) The impacts of institutional distance on corporate social responsibility "glocalisation" : evidence from international construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Yip, B L P (2007) Job burnout among construction professionals in Hong Kong: A moderator model with coping strategies, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

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You, H (2000) Organizational strategies for construction technology transfer to China, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhai, Y (2022) Evaluation for optimisation: Design for assembly in panel construction , Unpublished PhD Thesis, , The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

Zhang, D (2015) An analysis of building information modelling (BIM) implementation from a planned behavior perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhang, P (2011) Analysis of factors affecting individual knowledge sharing behavior inconstruction teams in Hong Kong, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhang, S (2004) An organizational cultural analysis of the effectiveness of Chinese construction enterprises, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhang, S (2019) Developing commercial capabilities for infrastructure delivery : a dynamic capabilities view, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhang, Y (2018) An investigation of trust between parties in construction claims using reciprocity theory of social exchange, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhang, Y (2012) An investigation on cooperative behaviors in the Chinese construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhao, J (2014) Performance modeling and optimization solutions for networking systems, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhao, Y (2021) Modernizing log construction system: A study on technology advancement and design strategy, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

Zheng, J (2013) Ownership structure and company performance : the case of listed real estate companies in mainland China, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zhu, D (2002) The production characteristics in Hong Kong's construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.

Zou, W (2012) Relationship management in public private partnership infrastructure projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Hong Kong.